Green Tea

Camellia sinensis
Principal Proposed Uses
Cancer Prevention, Gingivitis
Other Proposed Uses
Diabetes, Heart Disease Prevention, High Cholesterol, Influenza Prevention, Liver Disease Prevention, Rosacea, Sun Damage Protection, Weight Loss
People have been drinking tea for thousands of years, but in the last couple of decades a number of potential health benefits have been attributed to this ancient beverage. Black tea and green tea are made from the same plant, but a higher level of the original substances endure in the less-processed green form.

What Is Green Tea Used for Today?

Green tea contains high levels of substances called catechin polyphenols, known to possess strong antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antitumorigenic, and even antibiotic properties. 1,2 Based on these findings, as well as observational studies, 3-8 green tea has become popular as a daily drink for preventing cancer and heart disease . However, some observational trials failed to find indications of benefit with green tea. 9,10,11 Furthermore, only double-blind, placebo-controlled studies can prove a treatment effective, and there is little direct evidence of this type regarding green tea and cancer or heart disease prevention. (For more information on why double-blind studies are so important, see Why Does this Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ) One such study found that green teas produced short-term improvements in cholesterol profile, with the benefits disappearing after 4 weeks. 26 More positive results were seen in a study that evaluated a form of green tea enriched with the substance theaflavin, found in black tea. 21 In this fairly large (more than 200 participants), 3-month study, use of the tea product resulted in significant, ongoing reductions in LDL ("bad") cholesterol as compared to placebo. A green tea extract enhanced with catechins has also shown promise for reducing LDL levels, according to one somewhat flawed double-blind study.42 However, a study involving catechin-enhanced green tea in Japanese children was less convincing.47
Preliminary studies suggest that certain green tea polyphenols may help prevent skin cancer if they are applied directly to the skin. 12 In addition, there is some evidence that green tea constituents might help protect the skin from sun damage . 13,14,15 Unlike normal sunscreen preparations, green tea does not physically block ultraviolet light. Rather, it seems to protect cells from some of the damage caused by ultraviolet light. Because it works by such a different mechanism of action, green tea might offer synergistic benefits if combined with standard sunscreens. However, in an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 40 women who already had symptoms of aging skin, combined use of oral green tea and a topical green tea cream failed to prove more effective than placebo. 27 Some possible benefits were seen in microscopic evaluation of skin condition.
Topical green tea extracts have also shown a bit of promise for the treatment of cervical dysplasia , 22 while oral green tea extracts might reduce risk of prostate cancer, according to a small pilot study. 28
On a completely different note, one interesting study tested the effectiveness of gargling with green tea catechins as a means of preventing influenza . 39 In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 124 residents of a Japanese nursing home gargled with green tea catechins or placebo for three months. All participants received standard influenza vaccine. The results showed that residents who gargled with the tea extract were less likely to develop influenza than those using the placebo. In addition, another double-blind study found preliminary evidence that oral consumption of a green tea extract might help prevent colds and flus . 44
A small double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found weak evidence that green tea chew candy might reduce gum inflammation in individuals with periodontal disease (gingivitis). 16
Oral use of green tea extracts has shown a bit of promise for treating borderline diabetes. 41 However, one double-blind study failed to find that a combined extract of black and green tea was helpful for controlling blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes . 43
Green tea has been proposed as means of preventing liver disease , but the evidence for this use remains unconvincing. 17
Green tea is sometimes recommended for weight loss on the basis of rather theoretical evidence that it speeds up metabolism.23 However, there is little direct scientific backing for this use. If green tea increases metabolism at all, the effect is extremely small.29-30 One study conducted in Thailand reported weight-loss benefits with green tea,45 as did a second study of oolong tea enriched with green tea extracts.24 However, a Dutch study failed to find green tea helpful for preventing weight regain after weight loss.46 In another study, use of green tea failed to produce significant weight loss in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.31 Green tea extract enriched with catechins has done somewhat better, enhancing weight loss in one substantial, but flawed, trial.42 However, a study in overweight Japanese children did not support the effectiveness of green tea catechins for weight reduction.47
One preliminary study, available only in abstract form, found some evidence that green tea cream may be helpful for rosacea . 25 The results of another study weakly hint that green tea extracts taken orally might reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia . 32
One study found that inhaled tea catechins could reduce levels of resistant staph carried in the sputum of disabled seniors. 33Note : Do not attempt to inhale green tea products.

Dosage

Studies weakly suggest that 3 cups of green tea daily might provide protection against cancer. However, because not everyone wants to take the time to drink green tea, manufacturers have offered extracts that can be taken in pill form. A typical dosage is 100 mg to 150 mg 3 times daily of a green tea extract standardized to contain 80% total polyphenols and 50% epigallocatechin gallate. Whether these extracts offer any benefit remains unknown. Furthermore, there are growing concerns about liver toxicity with use of green tea extracts. (See Safety Issues.)
Warning : In an analysis performed in 2006 by the respected testing organization ConsumerLabs.com, some tested green tea products were found to be contaminated with lead. 34

Safety Issues

As a widely consumed beverage, green tea is generally regarded as safe. It does contain caffeine, at perhaps a slightly lower level than black tea, and can therefore cause insomnia, nervousness, and the other well-known symptoms of excess caffeine intake.
Green tea extracts, however, may not be safe. There are a growing number of case reports in which use of a concentrated green tea extract was associated with liver inflammation. 35, 40 In most cases, liver problems disappeared after the extract was discontinued. But, in two cases, permanent liver failure ensued requiring liver transplantation. 36,40 While it is not absolutely certain that the green tea extract caused the liver problems, nor how it might do so, these reports do raise significant concerns about use of green tea extracts, especially by those with liver disease or prone to it.
Green tea should not be given to infants and young children. There are theoretical concerns that high dosages of EGCG might be unsafe for pregnant women. 37
Dried green tea leaf contains significant levels of vitamin K on a per-weight basis. On this basis, it has been stated that people using blood thinners in the warfarin (Coumadin) family should avoid green tea, because vitamin K antagonizes the effect of those drugs. However green tea taken as a beverage provides such small amounts of the vitamin that the risk seems minimal for normal consumption. There is one case report of problems that developed in a person on warfarin who consumed as much as a gallon of green tea daily. 38

Interactions You Should Know About

If you are taking:

References
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13. Katiyar SK, Matsui MS, Elmets CA, et al.Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin. Photochem Photobiol. 1999;69:148-153.
14. Katiyar SK, Elmets CA, Agarwal R, et al. Protection against ultraviolet-B radiation-induced local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity and edema responses in C3H/HeN mice by green tea polyphenols. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;62:855-861.
15. Elmets CA, Singh D, Tubesing K, et al. Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea polyphenols. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:425-432.
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21. Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med . 2003;163:1448-53.
22. Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, et al. Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12:383-90.
23. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L, et al. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:252-258.
24. Nagao T, Komine Y, Soga S, et al. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:122-129.
25. Syed A. AAD 63rd Annual Meeting: Poster 19. Presented: February 20, 2005.
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27. Chiu AE, Chan JL, Kern DG, et al. Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:855-860; discussion 860.
28. Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, et al. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res. 2006;66:1234-1240.
29. Diepvens K, Kovacs EM, Nijs IM, et al. Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:1026-1034.
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31. Chan CC, Koo MW, Ng EH, et al. Effects of Chinese green tea on weight, and hormonal and biochemical profiles in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome—a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005;13:63-68.
32. Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, et al. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res. 2006;66:1234-1240.
33. Yamada H, Tateishi M, Harada K, et al. A randomized clinical study of tea catechin inhalation effects on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in disabled elderly patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7:79-83.
34. Product review of supplements for cancer prevention (green tea, lycopene, and selenium). Consumer Lab website. Available at: http://www.consumerlabs.com/results/cancer_supplements_green_tea_lycopene_selenium.asp . Accessed May 5, 2006.
35. Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis). Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:68-71. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:380.
36. Gloro R, Hourmand-Ollivier I, Mosquet B, et al. Fulminant hepatitis during self-medication with hydroalcoholic extract of green tea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:1135-1137.
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38. Taylor JR, Wilt VM. Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:426-428.
39. Yamada H, Takuma N, Daimon T, et al. Gargling with tea catechin extracts for the prevention of influenza infection in elderly nursing home residents: a prospective clinical study. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12:669-672.
40. Green tea extract (Green Lite): suspected association with hepatotoxicity. Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter. 2007;17.
41. Fukino Y, Ikeda A, Maruyama K, et al. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print]
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43. Mackenzie T, Leary L, Brooks WB. The effect of an extract of green and black tea on glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: double-blind randomized study. Metabolism. 2007;56:1340-1344.
44. Rowe CA, Nantz MP, Bukowski JF, et al. Specific formulation of Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26:445-452.
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46. Kovacs EM, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, et al. Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:431-437.
47. Matsuyama T, Tanaka Y, Kamimaki I, et al. Catechin safely improved higher levels of fatness, blood pressure, and cholesterol in children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Mar 20.


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